HD 169142 Appears to be Both Forming a Brown Dwarf & a Multiplanet System

Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation

Authors:

Reggiani et al

Abstract:

We present L' and J-band high-contrast observations of HD169142, obtained with the VLT/NACO AGPM vector vortex coronagraph and the Gemini Planet Imager, respectively. A source located at 0".156+/-0".032 north of the host star (PA=7.4+/-11.3 degrees) appears in the final reduced L' image. At the distance of the star (~145 pc), this angular separation corresponds to a physical separation of 22.7+/-4.7 AU, locating the source within the recently resolved inner cavity of the transition disk. The source has a brightness of L'=12.2+/-0.5 mag, whereas it is not detected in the J band (J greater than 13.8 mag). If its L' brightness arose solely from the photosphere of a companion and given the J-L' color constraints, it would correspond to a 28-32 MJupiter object at the age of the star, according to the COND models. Ongoing accretion activity of the star suggests, however, that gas is left in the inner disk cavity from which the companion could also be accreting. In this case the object could be lower in mass and its luminosity enhanced by the accretion process and by a circumplanetary disk. A lower mass object is more consistent with the observed cavity width. Finally, the observations enable us to place an upper limit on the L'-band flux of a second companion candidate orbiting in the disk annular gap at ~50 AU, as suggested by millimeter observations. If the second companion is also confirmed, HD169142 might be forming a planetary system, with at least two companions opening gaps and possibly interacting with each other.