A Technique for Extracting Highly Precise Photometry for the Two-Wheeled Kepler Mission

Authors:

Vanderburg et al

Abstract:

The original Kepler mission achieved high photometric precision thanks to ultra-stable pointing enabled by use of four reaction wheels. The loss of two of these reaction wheels reduced the telescope's ability to point precisely for extended periods of time, and as a result, the photometric precision has suffered. We present a technique for generating photometric light curves from pixel-level data obtained with the two-wheeled extended Kepler mission, K2. Our photometric technique accounts for the non-uniform pixel response function of the Kepler detectors by correlating flux measurements with the spacecraft's pointing and removing the dependence. When we apply our technique to the ensemble of stars observed during the Kepler Two-Wheel Concept Engineering Test, we find improvements over raw K2 photometry by factors of 2-5, with noise properties qualitatively similar to Kepler targets at the same magnitudes. We find evidence that the improvement in photometric precision depends on each target's position in the Kepler field of view, with worst precision near the edges of the field. Overall, this technique restores the median attainable photometric precision to within a factor of two of the original Kepler photometric precision for targets ranging from 10th to 15th magnitude in the Kepler bandpass, peaking with a median precision within 35% that of Kepler for stars between 12th and 13th magnitude in the Kepler bandpass.