The Initial Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals

The Initial Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals. I. The Effect of Resolution, Gravity, and Initial Conditions in Streaming Instability Calculations

Authors:

Simon et al

Abstract:

We study the formation of planetesimals in protoplanetary disks from the gravitational collapse of solid over-densities generated via the streaming instability. To carry out these studies, we implement and test a particle-mesh self-gravity module for the Athena code that enables the simulation of aerodynamically coupled systems of gas and collisionless self-gravitating solid particles. Upon employment of our algorithm to planetesimal formation simulations, we find that (when a direct comparison is possible) the Athena simulations yield predicted planetesimal properties that agree well with those found in prior work using different numerical techniques. In particular, the gravitational collapse of streaming-initiated clumps leads to an initial planetesimal mass function that is well-represented by a power-law, dN/dM ~ M^(-p),with p = 1.6 +/- 0.1. We find no significant trends with resolution from a convergence study of up to 512^3 grid zones and N_par ~ 1.5x10^8 particles. Likewise, the power-law slope appears indifferent to changes in the relative strength of self-gravity and tidal shear, and to the time when (for reasons of numerical economy) self-gravity is turned on, though the strength of these claims is limited by small number statistics. For a typically assumed radial distribution of minimum mass solar nebula solids (assumed here to have dimensionless stopping time {\tau} = 0.3), our results support the hypothesis that bodies on the scale of large asteroids or Kuiper Belt Objects could have formed as the high-mass tail of a primordial planetesimal population.